String Associative Array Benchmark

Today we will benchmark about associative array. Most associative array are implemented using hashtable or tree. We'll benchmark all built-in associative array for storing strings, that are C++'s map and unordered_map, Java's TreeMap and HashMap, PHP's Array, Ruby's Hash, JavaScript's Object, Go's map, Python's Dictionary, and C#'s Dictionary. The benchmark should only use built-in associative array, integer conversion, and string reverse function. The key to be tested are number-string, inverted, and reversed hex number from N to 0. The value to be stored are double precision floating point (if possible). The key must be searched first, when the key exists, the value incremented by the certain value. After building the associative array, iterate one by one and get the total of first digit of each value, total length of the key, and total number of entries. We also want to compare the performance some of the best data structures (in my experience, in terms of memory usage and speed ratio), that is 256-ary radix tree (judy-template), double-array trie (cedar), and HAT-trie (hat-trie). You can look up the source on my dropbox (folder: assoc), sorry, too lazy to use github ;3 This benchmark performed on 64-bit Linux, AMD A8-6600K, 16GB RAM, Non-SSD harddisk.

$ alias | grep 'alias time'
alias time='/usr/bin/time -f "\nCPU: %Us\tReal: %es\tRAM: %MKB"'
$ time --version
GNU time 1.7

$ g++ --version
g++ (GCC) 4.9.2 20141224 (prerelease)

$ time g++ -std=c++11 map.cpp
CPU: 0.33s      Real: 0.39s     RAM: 57764KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001
CPU: 141.03s    Real: 142.40s   RAM: 2558828KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 -O2 map.cpp
CPU: 0.40s      Real: 0.45s     RAM: 59672KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 65.37s     Real: 66.63s    RAM: 2558720KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 unordered_map.cpp
CPU: 0.37s      Real: 0.44s     RAM: 61804KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 45.46s     Real: 46.68s    RAM: 2478132KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 -O2 unordered_map.cpp
CPU: 0.41s      Real: 0.45s     RAM: 62688KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 29.16s     Real: 30.32s    RAM: 2478148KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 judy.cpp
CPU: 0.29s      Real: 0.34s     RAM: 50088KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701681 23370000
CPU: 27.07s     Real: 27.46s    RAM: 601604KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 -O2 judy.cpp
CPU: 0.57s      Real: 0.62s     RAM: 55192KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701681 23370000

CPU: 16.31s     Real: 16.62s    RAM: 601600KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 cedar.cpp
CPU: 0.36s      Real: 0.40s     RAM: 55344KB
$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 37.97s     Real: 38.23s    RAM: 749144KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 -O2 cedar.cpp
CPU: 0.93s      Real: 0.97s     RAM: 70436KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 20.61s     Real: 20.89s    RAM: 746352KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 hat_trie.cpp

CPU: 0.31s      Real: 0.36s     RAM: 49844KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 41.99s     Real: 42.42s    RAM: 567048KB

$ time g++ -std=c++11 -O2 hat_trie.cpp

CPU: 0.54s      Real: 0.59s     RAM: 55376KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 27.03s     Real: 27.37s    RAM: 567040KB

$ clang --version

clang version 3.5.1 (tags/RELEASE_351/final)

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 map.cpp

CPU: 0.30s      Real: 0.33s     RAM: 49828KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 138.63s    Real: 140.16s   RAM: 2558732KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -O2 map.cpp

CPU: 0.39s      Real: 0.42s     RAM: 53680KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 67.43s     Real: 68.73s    RAM: 2558720KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 unordered_map.cpp
CPU: 0.32s      Real: 0.36s     RAM: 52148KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 45.22s     Real: 46.46s    RAM: 2478136KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -O2 unordered_map.cpp
CPU: 0.41s      Real: 0.45s     RAM: 54828KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 30.13s     Real: 31.30s    RAM: 2478120KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -w judy.cpp
CPU: 0.26s      Real: 0.29s     RAM: 46872KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701681 23370000

CPU: 27.88s     Real: 28.21s    RAM: 601636KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -O2 -w judy.cpp
CPU: 0.46s      Real: 0.50s     RAM: 51460KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701681 23370000

CPU: 17.27s     Real: 17.64s    RAM: 601600KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 cedar.cpp
CPU: 0.30s      Real: 0.35s     RAM: 50012KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 38.26s     Real: 38.54s    RAM: 748868KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -O2 cedar.cpp
CPU: 0.48s      Real: 0.51s     RAM: 53152KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 21.95s     Real: 22.19s    RAM: 749248KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 hat_trie.cpp

CPU: 0.26s      Real: 0.29s     RAM: 47700KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 44.64s     Real: 45.04s    RAM: 567016KB

$ time clang++ -std=c++11 -O2 hat_trie.cpp

CPU: 0.50s      Real: 0.54s     RAM: 52532KB

$ time ./a.out
6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 27.24s     Real: 27.57s    RAM: 567040KB

$ javac -version

javac 1.7.0_75

$ time javac tree_map.java

CPU: 1.28s      Real: 0.86s     RAM: 62040KB

$ time java tree_map

6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 233.50s    Real: 101.05s   RAM: 3951752KB

$ time javac hash_map.java

CPU: 1.21s      Real: 0.84s     RAM: 63588KB

$ time java hash_map

6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 345.03s    Real: 103.54s   RAM: 4119388KB

$ ruby --version
ruby 2.2.0p0 (2014-12-25 revision 49005) [x86_64-linux]

$ time ruby hash.rb

6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 107.91s    Real: 109.66s   RAM: 3031872KB

$ jruby -version

jruby 9.0.0.0.pre1 (2.2.0p0) 2015-01-20 d537cab OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 24.75-b04 on 1.7.0_75-b13 +jit [linux-amd64]

$ time jruby -J-Xmx12000M -J-Djruby.compile.mode=FORCE hash.rb

6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 421.81s    Real: 180.57s   RAM: 8740612KB

$ go version go version go1.4.1 linux/amd64 $ time go build map.go

CPU: 0.15s      Real: 0.20s     RAM: 34892KB

$ time ./map

6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 24.10s     Real: 25.01s    RAM: 2748784KB

$ pypy --version

Python 2.7.8 (c6ad44ecf5d8, Nov 18 2014, 18:04:31) [PyPy 2.4.0 with GCC 4.9.2]

$ time pypy dictionary.py

(6009354, 6009348, 611297)
(36186112, 159701682, 23370001)
CPU: 79.87s     Real: 84.57s    RAM: 4034956KB

$ mcs --version

Mono C# compiler version 3.12.0.0

$ time mcs dictionary.cs

CPU: 0.48s      Real: 0.51s     RAM: 48188KB

$ time mono ./dictionary.exe

6009354 6009348 611297

36186112 159701682 23370001

CPU: 40.98s     Real: 42.07s    RAM: 1690224KB

Edit, after bugfixing the code for PHP, Python and JavaScript source, only JavaScriptCore, Rhino and Python3 that successfully complete the benchmark.

$ pacman -Qo `which jsc-3`
/usr/bin/jsc-3 is owned by webkitgtk 2.4.8-1
$ time jsc-3 object.js
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001
CPU: 148.09s    Real: 121.65s   RAM: 4666280KB

$ rhino < /dev/null
Rhino 1.7 release 4 2014 07 01
$ time rhino object.js
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001
CPU: 524.12s    Real: 189.04s   RAM: 4220872KB

$ python3 --version
Python 3.4.2
$ time python3 dictionary.py
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001
CPU: 157.71s    Real: 163.37s   RAM: 4335568KB

$ lua -v
Lua 5.2.3  Copyright (C) 1994-2013 Lua.org, PUC-Rio
$ time lua table.lua
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112        159701682       23370001
CPU: 101.73s    Real: 106.45s   RAM: 3079336KB

$ dart --version
Dart VM version: 1.8.5 (Tue Jan 13 12:44:14 2015) on "linux_x64"
$ time dart --old_gen_heap_size=4096 map.dart
6009354 6009348 611297
36186112 159701682 23370001
CPU: 133.35s    Real: 133.64s   RAM: 2538220KB

And the summary

Compiler / Interpreter	Language	Type Name	Data Structure	Compile Duration	Compile RAM	Runtime Duration	Runtime RAM	Correct?
g++ (debug)	C++	map	RB-Tree	330	57764	141030	2558828
g++ (-O2)	C++	map	RB-Tree	400	59672	65370	2558720
g++ (debug)	C++	unordered_map	Hash Table	370	61804	45460	2478132
g++ (-O2)	C++	unordered_map	Hash Table	410	62688	29160	2478148
g++ (debug)	C++	judySArray	256-ary Radix Tree	290	50088	27070	601604	-2
g++ (-O2)	C++	judySArray	256-ary Radix Tree	570	55192	16310	601600	-2
g++ (debug)	C++	cedar::da	Double Array Trie	360	55344	37970	749144
g++ (-O2)	C++	cedar::da	Double Array Trie	930	70436	20610	746352
g++ (debug)	C++	hattrie_t	HAT-Trie	310	49844	41990	567048
g++ (-O2)	C++	hattrie_t	HAT-Trie	540	55376	27030	567040
clang++ (debug)	C++	map	RB-Tree	300	49828	138630	2558732
clang++ (-O2)	C++	map	RB-Tree	390	53680	67430	2558720
clang++ (debug)	C++	unordered_map	Hash Table	320	52148	45200	2478136
clang++ (-O2)	C++	unordered_map	Hash Table	410	54828	30130	2478120
clang++ (debug)	C++	judySArray	256-ary Radix Tree	260	46872	27880	601636	-2
clang++ (-O2)	C++	judySArray	256-ary Radix Tree	460	51460	17270	601600	-2
clang++ (debug)	C++	cedar::da	Double Array Trie	300	50012	38260	748868
clang++ (-O2)	C++	cedar::da	Double Array Trie	480	53160	21950	749248
clang++ (debug)	C++	hattrie_t	HAT-Trie	260	47908	44640	567016
clang++ (-O2)	C++	hattrie_t	HAT-Trie	500	52532	27240	567040
javac, java	Java	TreeMap	RB-Tree	1280	62040	101050	3951752
javac, java	Java	HashMap	Hash Table	1210	63588	103540	4119388
ruby	Ruby	Hash	Hash Table			107910	3031872
jruby	Ruby	Hash	Hash Table			180570	8740612
jsc-3	JavaScript	Object	Unknown			121650	4666280
rhino	JavaScript	Object	Unknown			189040	4220872
go	Go	map	Hash Table	150	34892	24100	2748784
python3	Python 3	dict	Hash Table			157710	4335568
pypy	Python 2	dict	Hash Table			79870	4034956
mcs	C#	Dictionary	Hash Table	480	48188	40980	1690224
lua	Lua	table	Hash Table			101730	3079336
dart	Dart	Map	Hash Table			133350	2538220

Note #1: PHP 5.6.5, HHVM 3.5.0, Rubinius 2.5.2, NodeJS 0.10.35 failed to build the associative array within 300s.

Note #2: again MozJS 2.4 got uncaught exception: out of memory when it uses 1.2GB of RAM

Note #3: LuaJIT 2.0.3 got not enough memory when it uses 1GB of RAM