sudo apt install fio
fio --randrepeat=1 --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --gtod_reduce=1 --name=test --filename=random_read_write.fio --bs=4k --iodepth=64 --size=4G --readwrite=randrw --rwmixread=75 ; rm random_read_write.fio
The result would be something like this:
The result would be something like this:
SSD:
test: (g=0): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
HDD:
fio-3.16
Starting 1 process
test: Laying out IO file (1 file / 4096MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [m(1)][100.0%][r=83.7MiB/s,w=27.3MiB/s][r=21.4k,w=6993 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=1436574: Thu May 27 19:01:27 2021
read: IOPS=18.2k, BW=70.0MiB/s (74.4MB/s)(3070MiB/43241msec)
bw ( KiB/s): min= 456, max=130000, per=99.85%, avg=72589.30, stdev=36572.29, samples=86
iops : min= 114, max=32500, avg=18147.33, stdev=9143.07, samples=86
write: IOPS=6074, BW=23.7MiB/s (24.9MB/s)(1026MiB/43241msec); 0 zone resets
bw ( KiB/s): min= 176, max=42936, per=99.85%, avg=24259.07, stdev=12200.49, samples=86
iops : min= 44, max=10734, avg=6064.77, stdev=3050.12, samples=86
cpu : usr=3.35%, sys=13.20%, ctx=781969, majf=0, minf=10
IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=785920,262656,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
READ: bw=70.0MiB/s (74.4MB/s), 70.0MiB/s-70.0MiB/s (74.4MB/s-74.4MB/s), io=3070MiB (3219MB), run=43241-43241msec
WRITE: bw=23.7MiB/s (24.9MB/s), 23.7MiB/s-23.7MiB/s (24.9MB/s-24.9MB/s), io=1026MiB (1076MB), run=43241-43241msec
Disk stats (read/write):
sdh: ios=782456/263158, merge=1293/2586, ticks=1838928/822350, in_queue=2134502, util=99.12%
too slow (1MB/s would took about 40 minutes)
VPS:
test: (g=0): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=64
fio-3.16
Starting 1 process
test: Laying out IO file (1 file / 4096MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [m(1)][100.0%][r=11.2MiB/s,w=3924KiB/s][r=2873,w=981 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
test: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3829977: Thu May 27 20:04:10 2021
read: IOPS=3029, BW=11.8MiB/s (12.4MB/s)(3070MiB/259388msec)
bw ( KiB/s): min= 7744, max=144776, per=99.95%, avg=12112.97, stdev=7631.07, samples=518
iops : min= 1936, max=36194, avg=3028.16, stdev=1907.77, samples=518
write: IOPS=1012, BW=4050KiB/s (4148kB/s)(1026MiB/259388msec); 0 zone resets
bw ( KiB/s): min= 2844, max=47936, per=99.94%, avg=4047.41, stdev=2504.77, samples=518
iops : min= 711, max=11984, avg=1011.83, stdev=626.19, samples=518
cpu : usr=2.89%, sys=10.00%, ctx=605914, majf=0, minf=8
IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.1%, >=64=100.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.1%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=785920,262656,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=64
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
READ: bw=11.8MiB/s (12.4MB/s), 11.8MiB/s-11.8MiB/s (12.4MB/s-12.4MB/s), io=3070MiB (3219MB), run=259388-259388msec
WRITE: bw=4050KiB/s (4148kB/s), 4050KiB/s-4050KiB/s (4148kB/s-4148kB/s), io=1026MiB (1076MB), run=259388-259388msec
Disk stats (read/write):
sda: ios=785732/271244, merge=0/973, ticks=795112/15862499, in_queue=15747316, util=99.75
Conclusion
If your VPS speed more than HDD on table below, it's a big possibility that it's using SSD, or at least RAID. But there's another possibility that they are throttling shared VPS so it wouldn't distrub other people's QoS.
read: IOPS=61.6k, BW=241MiB/s (252MB/s)(3070MiB/12752msec)
write: IOPS=20.6k, BW=80.5MiB/s (84.4MB/s)(1026MiB/12752msec); 0 zone resets
read: IOPS=40.2k, BW=157MiB/s (165MB/s)(3070MiB/19546msec)
write: IOPS=13.4k, BW=52.5MiB/s (55.0MB/s)(1026MiB/19546msec); 0 zone resets
write: IOPS=20.6k, BW=80.5MiB/s (84.4MB/s)(1026MiB/12752msec); 0 zone resets
read: IOPS=40.2k, BW=157MiB/s (165MB/s)(3070MiB/19546msec)
write: IOPS=13.4k, BW=52.5MiB/s (55.0MB/s)(1026MiB/19546msec); 0 zone resets
comparison with local HDD with bad sectors it would be something like this:
read: IOPS=217, BW=868KiB/s (889kB/s)(23.6MiB/27852msec)
write: IOPS=74, BW=296KiB/s (304kB/s)(8256KiB/27852msec); 0 zone resets
write: IOPS=74, BW=296KiB/s (304kB/s)(8256KiB/27852msec); 0 zone resets
comparison with vps that claimed to be SSD it would be something like this:
read: IOPS=2908, BW=11.4MiB/s (11.9MB/s)(289MiB/25446msec)
write: IOPS=965, BW=3861KiB/s (3954kB/s)(95.9MiB/25446msec); 0 zone resets
read: IOPS=3182, BW=12.4MiB/s (13.0MB/s)(1728MiB/139002msec)
write: IOPS=1066, BW=4268KiB/s (4370kB/s)(579MiB/139002msec); 0 zone resets
write: IOPS=965, BW=3861KiB/s (3954kB/s)(95.9MiB/25446msec); 0 zone resets
read: IOPS=3182, BW=12.4MiB/s (13.0MB/s)(1728MiB/139002msec)
write: IOPS=1066, BW=4268KiB/s (4370kB/s)(579MiB/139002msec); 0 zone resets
